Vaccines and Immunology

Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Vaccines remain central to combating rapidly evolving and re-emerging infectious threats affecting global health security. Continuous monitoring of zoonotic spillover events strengthens outbreak preparedness and risk assessment. Genomic surveillance tracks pathogen evolution and mutation patterns across regions. Early assessment of antigenic shift enables timely vaccine adaptation. Coordinated global response strategies improve epidemic containment and preparedness planning.

Emerging Threats:

• Surveillance
• Genomic Monitoring
• Rapid Response